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Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents.2.1 Partitioning Concepts
- Disk Map makes it easy to visualize the files and folders that are cluttering up your storage drives. It enables you to quickly locate, delete or compress large files and folders on your hard drive and reclaim valuable space. The app quickly scans your drives to build a stunning treemap visual display of files and folders on your computer, allowing you to easily navigate through your file.
- The Disk II Floppy Disk Subsystem, often rendered as Disk , is a 5 1 ⁄ 4-inch floppy disk drive designed by Steve Wozniak and manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. It went on sale in June 1978 at a retail price of US$495 for pre-order; it was later sold for $595 (equivalent to $2,330 in 2019) including the controller card (which can control up to two drives) and cable.
Unfortunately, partitioning your disk is rather complicated. This isbecause there are interactions between many different systems that needto be taken into consideration:
- The BIOS or firmware - the program that is built into a ROM chip insideyour computer, that does memory checks, etc. You can not (easily)change programs in this system. Examples of BIOS or firmware programs:AmiBIOS, Award, Phoenix, OpenFirmware. You will only have one of theseprograms.
- The boot loader - the program that allows you to select which operatingsystem you want to use, and loads that operating system. Examples:LILO, GRUB, Yaboot, Quik. You may have more than one boot loaderinstalled, especially if you have more than one type of operating systeminstalled.
- The operating system (at the moment, this must be GNU/Linux) that runsParted, and the other operating systems that you use.
- The file system types - the way the data stored on partitions. Examplesof these are: ext2, fat32, hfs, reiserfs. You will often havepartitions of of different file system types.
Parted suppports many combinations of BIOS, boot loader, operatingsystem, and file systems, and will support more in the future. Tofurther understand the roles of each, please see section 3. BIOSes and Firmware, section 4. Boot Loaders, section 5. Operating Systems, and section 6. File Systems supported by Parted.
This chapter describes how to use Parted, which is largely the same, nomatter what systems you are using. You should read this chapter, theneach of chapters on BIOSes, boot loaders, operating systems, and filesystems. However, you only need to read the sections that are relevantto you. For example, if you are only using LILO as your boot loader,then you only need to read the introduction, and section 4.1 LILO: a bootloader for the Linux kernel.
2.2 Using GNU Parted
Parted has two modes: command line and interactive. Parted shouldalways be started with:
where device is the hard disk device to edit. (If you'relazy, Parted will attempt to guess which device you want.)
In command line mode, this is followed by one or more commands. Forexample:
Options (like --help) can only be specified on thecommand line.
In interactive mode, commands are entered one at a time at a prompt, andmodify the disk immediately. For example:
Unambiguous abbreviations are allowed. For example, you cantype 'p' instead of 'print', and 're' instead of 'resize'.Commands can be typed in, either in English, or your native language (ifyour language has been translated). This may create ambiguities.
Also note that you can specify decimal places in the numberscorresponding to partition locations (in megabytes). Negativenumbers count from the end of the disk, with '-0' being the endof the disk.
If you don't give a parameter to a command, Parted will ask you for it.For example:
Parted will always warn you before doing something that is potentiallydangerous, unless it's something that's obviosuly dangerous (i.e. rm,mklabel, mkfs) For example, if you attempt to shrink a partition 'toomuch' (i.e. by more than the free space available), Parted willautomatically resize to the minimum it can without losing data. If thisminimum is significantly different, it will warn you that it's doingsomething significanlty different to what you asked. Since manypartitioning systems have complicated constraints, Parted will usuallydo something slightly different to what you asked. (For example, createa partitiong starting at 10.352, not 10.4)
2.3 Command Line Options
When invoked from the command line, parted supports the following syntax:
Wifi signal 4 2 2 player games. Available options and commands follow. For detailed explanations of theuse of parted commands, see section 2.4 Parted Session Commands. Options beginwith a hyphen, commands do not:
Options:
2.4 Parted Session Commands
GNU Parted provides the following commands:
2.4.1 check
Checks if the file system on partition minor hasany errors.
Example:
Check the file system on partition 1.
2.4.2 cp
Copies the file system on the partition from-minor to partitionto-minor, deleting the original contents of the destinationpartition.
An optional device parameter, from-device can be given, whichspecifies which device the source partition is on.
Supported file systems:
- ext2, ext3(provided the destination partition is larger than the source partition)
- fat16, fat32
- linux-swap(equivalent to mkswap on destination partition)
- reiserfs (if libreiserfs is installed)
Example:
Copy partition 2 of `/dev/hdb' (i.e. `/dev/hdb2') to partitionon 3, on the device Parted was loaded with, destroying the originalcontents of partition 3.
2.4.3 help
Prints general help, or help on command.
Example:
Print help for the resize command.
2.4.4 mklabel
Creates a new disk label, of type label-type. The new disk labelwill have no partitions. This command (normally) won't technicallydestroy your data, but it will make it will make it basically unusable,and you will need to use the rescue command (see section 9. Related Software and Info) to recover any partitions. Gpart only works for msdos disklabels (AFAIK), but is much better than parted at recovering partitions.Parted works on all partition tables. (1)
label-type must be one of these supported disk labels:
- bsd
- loop (raw disk access)
- gpt
- mac
- msdos
- pc98
- sun
Example:
Create an msdos style disklabel.
2.4.5 mkfs
Makes a file system fs-type on partition minor, destroyingall data that resides on that partition.
Supported file systems:
- ext2
- mips
- fat16
- fat32
- linux-swap
- reiserfs (if libreiserfs is installed)
Example:
Make a fat32 file system on partition 2.
2.4.6 mkpart
Creates a new partition, without creating a new file system onthat partition. This is useful for creating partitions for file systems(or LVM, etc.) that Parted doesn't support. You may specify a filesystem type, to set the appropriate partition code in the partitiontable for the new partition. fs-type is required for datapartitions (i.e., non-extended partitions). start and endare the offset from the beginning of the disk, that is, the 'distance'from the start of the disk.
part-type is one of: primary, extended, logical. Extended andlogical are only used for msdos and mips disk labels.
fs-type must be on of these supported file systems:
- ext2
- fat32
- fat16
- HFS
- linux-swap
- NTFS
- reiserfs
- ufs
Example:
Create a logical partition that will contain an ext2 filesystem. Thepartition will start at the beginning of the disk, and end 692.1megabytes into the disk.
2.4.7 mkpartfs
Creates a new partition of type part-type with a new file systemof type fs-type on it. The new partition will start startmegabytes, and end end megabytes from the beginning of the disk.Do not use this command to recover a deleted partition (use mkpartinstead).
part-type is one of: primary, extended, logical. Extended and logicalare only used for msdos and mips disk labels.
fs-type must be one of these supported file systems:
- ext2
- fat32
- fat16
- linux-swap
- reiserfs (if libreiserfs is installed)
Example:
Make a logical partition and write an ext2 file system, starting 440megabytes and ending 670 megabytes from the beginning of the disk.
2.4.8 move
Moves partition on the disk, by moving its beginning to start.Note: move never changes the minor number.
If no end is given, the partition's size remains the same.
Supported file systems:
- ext2, ext3(provided the destination partition is larger than the source partition)
- fat32
- fat16
- linux-swap
- reiserfs (if libreiserfs is installed)
Example:
Move partition with minor number 2 so that it begins 150 megabytes fromthe start of the disk.
2.4.9 name
Sets the name for the partition minor (Mac and PC98 only). Thename can be placed in quotes.
Example:
Set the name of partition 2 to `Secret Documents'.
2.4.10 print
Displays the partition table on the device parted is editing.
Example:
2.4.11 quit
Quits Parted.
It is only after Parted exits that the Linux kernel knowsabout the changes Parted has made to the disks. However, the changescaused by typing your commands will probably be made to the diskimmediately after typing a command. However, Linux's cache, and thedisk's hardware cache may delay this.
2.4.12 rescue
Looks for file system signatures around start and end. Ifone is found, it will ask you if you want to create a partition for it.This is useful if you accidently deleted a partition with parted's rmcommand, for example.
Example:
OUCH! We deleted our ext3 partition!!! Parted comes to the rescue..
It's back! :)
2.4.13 resize
Resizes the partition with number minor. The partition will startstart from the beginning of the disk, and end end from thebeginning of the disk. resize never changes the minor number. Extendedpartitions can be resized, so long as the new extended partitioncompletely contains all logical partitions.
Note that Parted does not require a file system to be 'defragged'(Parted can safely move data around if necessary). It's a waste of timedefragging. Don't bother!
Supported file systems:
- ext2, ext3 - restriction: the new start must be the same asthe old start.
- fat16, fat32
- linux-swap
- reiserfs (if libreiserfs is installed)
Example:
Resize partition 3, so that it begins 200 megabytes and ends 850megabytes from the beginning of the disk.
2.4.14 rm
Removes the partition with number minor. If you accidently deletea partition with this command, use mkpart (not mkpartfs) torecover it. Also, you can use the gpart program (see section 9. Related Software and Info) to recover damaged disk labels.
Note for msdos disk labels: if you delete a logical partition, alllogical partitions with a larger minor number will be renumbered. Forexample, if you delete a logical partition with a minor number of 6,then logical partitions that were number 7, 8 and 9 would be renumberedto 6, 7 and 8 respectively. This means, for example, that you have toupdate `/etc/fstab' on GNU/Linux systems.
Example:
Remove partition 3.
2.4.15 select
Selects the device, device, for Parted to edit. The device willusually be a Linux hard disk device, or, if direct access to a filesystem is required -- a partition, software RAID device, or LVM logicalvolume.
Example:
Select `/dev/hdb' (the slave device on the first ide controller onLinux) as the device to edit.
2.4.16 set
Changes a flag on the partition with number minor. A flag can beeither 'on' or 'off'. Some or all of these flags will be available,depending on what disk label you are using:
The print command displays all enabled flags for each partition.
Example:
Set the `boot' flag on partition 1.
2.5 Example Parted Sessions
These examples attempt to cover the most common circumstances, with theexception of disk imaging, which is covered in section 8. Disk Imaging.
2.5.1 Example: Growing a partition into unused space
Suppose your disk layout looks like this:
There is 375 Mb of free space at the end of the disk (afterpartition 2). Partition 1 has an ext2 file system, which is the rootdevice. Partition 2 is a swap device.
Suppose you wanted to use the free space at the end of the disk for thefile system on partition 1. You could do the following:
- These steps will modify both the root file system onpartition 1, and the swap device on partition 2. Therefore, youshouldn't be using either partitions. You should probably use a Partedboot disk. See section 1.6 Using a Parted Boot Disk. From the boot disk, run Parted:
- Remove partition 2 (the swap partition). Normally, you wouldn't want todelete a partition with data on it. However, a swap partition doesn'tcontain data when it isn't 'swapped on' (mounted), so you can remove it,and create a replacement swap partition later.
- Create the new swap partition at the end of the disk:
- Grow partition 1, into the adjacent free space:All done!
2.5.2 Example: Resizing an ext2 partition on a crowded disk.
Suppose your disk layout looks like this:
Suppose you wanted to increase the `/var' partition(`/dev/hda7') to 1GB, using some space from `/home'(`/dev/hda6').
To resize a partition with Parted, you use the resize command:
new start must be the same as the old start for ext2 partitions(unfortunately). So this process is going to be rather complicated. Itis possible, though. (2)
- Shrink the `/home' partition (`/dev/hda6') by 500MB:
- Make a new partition in its place. This is where `/var' willbe, eventually. This new partition will be numbered 10.
- Copy the old `/var' partition (`/dev/hda7') to the newone (`/dev/hda10').
- Delete the old `/var'.At this point: all logical partitions greater than 7 just changednumber. So 8, 9 and 10 become 7, 8 and 9 respectively.This renumbering won't take place while any partitions are mounted onthat disk (this will happen when you reboot). That's what that warningmessage is talking about. So you should never attempt to mount afile system touched by Parted (resized or created by Parted), beforerebooting, if you get this message.
- Resize the new `/var' partition (now numbered 9), adding thespace from the old `/var' partition:
- Since the partition numbers have changed, `/etc/fstab' mustbe updated. This can be done before rebooting, because the root devicewasn't touched by Parted. (If you want to use Parted to do something tothe root device, you need to use the boot disk).If the old `/etc/fstab' looks like this:A few lines need to be changed:
- `/var' is now /dev/hda9 (because we copied it to a newpartition)
- `/dev/hda8' (the root device) has been renumbered to`/dev/hda7'
- `/dev/hda9' (the swap device) has been renumbered to`/dev/hda8'
- Reboot. That's it!
Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents.
Name
msync - synchronize a file with a memory mapSynopsis
#includeint msync(void *addr, size_tlength, intflags);
Description
msync() flushes changes made to the in-core copy of a file that was mapped into memoryusing mmap(2) back to disk. Without use of this call there is no guarantee that changes are written back before munmap(2) iscalled. To be more precise, the part of the file that corresponds to the memory area starting at addr and having length length is updated.The flags argument may have the bits MS_ASYNC, MS_SYNC, and MS_INVALIDATE set, but not both MS_ASYNC and MS_SYNC.MS_ASYNC specifies that an update be scheduled, but the call returns immediately. MS_SYNC asks for an update and waits for it to complete.MS_INVALIDATE asks to invalidate other mappings of the same file (so that they can be updated with the fresh values just written).
Return Value
- ext2, ext3(provided the destination partition is larger than the source partition)
- fat32
- fat16
- linux-swap
- reiserfs (if libreiserfs is installed)
Example:
Move partition with minor number 2 so that it begins 150 megabytes fromthe start of the disk.
2.4.9 name
Sets the name for the partition minor (Mac and PC98 only). Thename can be placed in quotes.
Example:
Set the name of partition 2 to `Secret Documents'.
2.4.10 print
Displays the partition table on the device parted is editing.
Example:
2.4.11 quit
Quits Parted.
It is only after Parted exits that the Linux kernel knowsabout the changes Parted has made to the disks. However, the changescaused by typing your commands will probably be made to the diskimmediately after typing a command. However, Linux's cache, and thedisk's hardware cache may delay this.
2.4.12 rescue
Looks for file system signatures around start and end. Ifone is found, it will ask you if you want to create a partition for it.This is useful if you accidently deleted a partition with parted's rmcommand, for example.
Example:
OUCH! We deleted our ext3 partition!!! Parted comes to the rescue..
It's back! :)
2.4.13 resize
Resizes the partition with number minor. The partition will startstart from the beginning of the disk, and end end from thebeginning of the disk. resize never changes the minor number. Extendedpartitions can be resized, so long as the new extended partitioncompletely contains all logical partitions.
Note that Parted does not require a file system to be 'defragged'(Parted can safely move data around if necessary). It's a waste of timedefragging. Don't bother!
Supported file systems:
- ext2, ext3 - restriction: the new start must be the same asthe old start.
- fat16, fat32
- linux-swap
- reiserfs (if libreiserfs is installed)
Example:
Resize partition 3, so that it begins 200 megabytes and ends 850megabytes from the beginning of the disk.
2.4.14 rm
Removes the partition with number minor. If you accidently deletea partition with this command, use mkpart (not mkpartfs) torecover it. Also, you can use the gpart program (see section 9. Related Software and Info) to recover damaged disk labels.
Note for msdos disk labels: if you delete a logical partition, alllogical partitions with a larger minor number will be renumbered. Forexample, if you delete a logical partition with a minor number of 6,then logical partitions that were number 7, 8 and 9 would be renumberedto 6, 7 and 8 respectively. This means, for example, that you have toupdate `/etc/fstab' on GNU/Linux systems.
Example:
Remove partition 3.
2.4.15 select
Selects the device, device, for Parted to edit. The device willusually be a Linux hard disk device, or, if direct access to a filesystem is required -- a partition, software RAID device, or LVM logicalvolume.
Example:
Select `/dev/hdb' (the slave device on the first ide controller onLinux) as the device to edit.
2.4.16 set
Changes a flag on the partition with number minor. A flag can beeither 'on' or 'off'. Some or all of these flags will be available,depending on what disk label you are using:
The print command displays all enabled flags for each partition.
Example:
Set the `boot' flag on partition 1.
2.5 Example Parted Sessions
These examples attempt to cover the most common circumstances, with theexception of disk imaging, which is covered in section 8. Disk Imaging.
2.5.1 Example: Growing a partition into unused space
Suppose your disk layout looks like this:
There is 375 Mb of free space at the end of the disk (afterpartition 2). Partition 1 has an ext2 file system, which is the rootdevice. Partition 2 is a swap device.
Suppose you wanted to use the free space at the end of the disk for thefile system on partition 1. You could do the following:
- These steps will modify both the root file system onpartition 1, and the swap device on partition 2. Therefore, youshouldn't be using either partitions. You should probably use a Partedboot disk. See section 1.6 Using a Parted Boot Disk. From the boot disk, run Parted:
- Remove partition 2 (the swap partition). Normally, you wouldn't want todelete a partition with data on it. However, a swap partition doesn'tcontain data when it isn't 'swapped on' (mounted), so you can remove it,and create a replacement swap partition later.
- Create the new swap partition at the end of the disk:
- Grow partition 1, into the adjacent free space:All done!
2.5.2 Example: Resizing an ext2 partition on a crowded disk.
Suppose your disk layout looks like this:
Suppose you wanted to increase the `/var' partition(`/dev/hda7') to 1GB, using some space from `/home'(`/dev/hda6').
To resize a partition with Parted, you use the resize command:
new start must be the same as the old start for ext2 partitions(unfortunately). So this process is going to be rather complicated. Itis possible, though. (2)
- Shrink the `/home' partition (`/dev/hda6') by 500MB:
- Make a new partition in its place. This is where `/var' willbe, eventually. This new partition will be numbered 10.
- Copy the old `/var' partition (`/dev/hda7') to the newone (`/dev/hda10').
- Delete the old `/var'.At this point: all logical partitions greater than 7 just changednumber. So 8, 9 and 10 become 7, 8 and 9 respectively.This renumbering won't take place while any partitions are mounted onthat disk (this will happen when you reboot). That's what that warningmessage is talking about. So you should never attempt to mount afile system touched by Parted (resized or created by Parted), beforerebooting, if you get this message.
- Resize the new `/var' partition (now numbered 9), adding thespace from the old `/var' partition:
- Since the partition numbers have changed, `/etc/fstab' mustbe updated. This can be done before rebooting, because the root devicewasn't touched by Parted. (If you want to use Parted to do something tothe root device, you need to use the boot disk).If the old `/etc/fstab' looks like this:A few lines need to be changed:
- `/var' is now /dev/hda9 (because we copied it to a newpartition)
- `/dev/hda8' (the root device) has been renumbered to`/dev/hda7'
- `/dev/hda9' (the swap device) has been renumbered to`/dev/hda8'
- Reboot. That's it!
Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents.
Name
msync - synchronize a file with a memory mapSynopsis
#includeint msync(void *addr, size_tlength, intflags);
Description
msync() flushes changes made to the in-core copy of a file that was mapped into memoryusing mmap(2) back to disk. Without use of this call there is no guarantee that changes are written back before munmap(2) iscalled. To be more precise, the part of the file that corresponds to the memory area starting at addr and having length length is updated.The flags argument may have the bits MS_ASYNC, MS_SYNC, and MS_INVALIDATE set, but not both MS_ASYNC and MS_SYNC.MS_ASYNC specifies that an update be scheduled, but the call returns immediately. MS_SYNC asks for an update and waits for it to complete.MS_INVALIDATE asks to invalidate other mappings of the same file (so that they can be updated with the fresh values just written).
Return Value
On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.Errors
- Disk Map 2 2 Torrent() is available, both
Disk Map 2 2 0
_POSIX_MAPPED_FILESDisk Map 2 2 Player Games
and_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO are defined in to a value greater than 0. (See also sysconf(3).)See Also
Disk Map 2 2 X 4
mmap(2)B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128-129 and 389-391.
Referenced By
madvise(2),mmap2(2),mmap_shared(3),nfs(5),remap_file_pages(2),sync_file_range(2),vmtouch(8),xfs_io(8)