Coda 2 5 1 – One Window Web Development Suite

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Summary

This page introduces the WAI-ARIA, the Accessible Rich Internet Applications suite of web standards.

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Quick links to resources:

• FAQ - including What is the current status of WAI-ARIA development?

Introduction

WAI-ARIA, the Accessible Rich Internet Applications Suite, defines away to make Web content and Web applications more accessible to peoplewith disabilities. It especially helps with dynamic content and advanceduser interface controls developed with Ajax, HTML, JavaScript, andrelated technologies. Currently certain functionality used in Websites is not available to some users with disabilities, especiallypeople who rely on screen readers and people who cannot use a mouse.WAI-ARIA addresses these accessibility challenges, for example, bydefining new ways for functionality to be provided to assistivetechnology. With WAI-ARIA, developers can make advanced Web applicationsaccessible and usable to people with disabilities.

This page describes the problems that WAI-ARIA addresses, and introducesthe WAI-ARIA suite of technical documents. Many of the terms used inthis page—including Web content, user agents, and assistivetechnology—are described in Introduction to WebAccessibility and Essential Componentsof Web Accessibility. Additional information isavailable in:

• Blog post Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0 is aW3C Recommendation
• Press release: W3C's Accessible Rich Internet Applications(WAI-ARIA) 1.0 Expands Accessibility of the Open WebPlatform
• WAI-ARIA FAQ answers questions such as: 'Whathappens in current and older browsers when WAI-ARIA is implemented?'and 'As a Web content developer, what should I do with WAI-ARIAnow?'

Making Ajax and Related Technologies Accessible

Web sites are increasingly using more advanced and complex userinterface controls, such as tree controls for Web site navigation likethe example in Figure 1. To provide an accessible user experience topeople with disabilities, assistive technologies need to be able tointeract with these controls. However, the information that theassistive technologies need is not available with most current Webtechnologies.

Another example of an accessibility barrier is drag-and-dropfunctionality that is not available to users who use a keyboard only andcannot use a mouse. Even relatively simple Web sites can be difficult ifthey require an extensive amount of keystrokes to navigate with only akeyboard.

Many Web applications developed with Ajax (also known as AJAX), DHTML,and other technologies pose additional accessibility challenges. Forexample, if the content of a Web page changes in response to useractions or time- or event-based updates, that new content may not beavailable to some people, such as people who are blind or people withcognitive disabilities who use a screen reader.

WAI-ARIA addresses these accessibility challenges by defining howinformation about this functionality can be provided to assistivetechnology. With WAI-ARIA, an advanced Web application can be madeaccessible and usable to people with disabilities.

Technical Solutions

More specifically, WAI-ARIA provides a framework for adding attributesto identify features for user interaction, how they relate to eachother, and their current state. WAI-ARIA describes new navigationtechniques to mark regions and common Web structures as menus, primarycontent, secondary content, banner information, and other types of Webstructures. For example, with WAI-ARIA, developers can identify regionsof pages and enable keyboard users to easily move among regions, ratherthan having to press Tab many times.

WAI-ARIA also includes technologies to map controls, Ajax live regions,and events to accessibility application programming interfaces (APIs),including custom controls used for rich Internet applications. WAI-ARIAtechniques apply to widgets such as buttons, drop-down lists, calendarfunctions, tree controls (for example, expandable menus), and others.

WAI-ARIA provides Web authors with the following:

• Roles to describe the type of widget presented, such as 'menu','treeitem', 'slider', and 'progressmeter'
• Roles to describe the structure of the Web page, such as headings,regions, and tables (grids)
• Properties to describe the state widgets are in, such as 'checked'for a check box, or 'haspopup' for a menu.
• Properties to define live regions of a page that are likely to getupdates (such as stock quotes), as well as an interruption policyfor those updates—for example, critical updates may be presented inan alert dialog box, and incidental updates occur within the page
• Properties for drag-and-drop that describe drag sources and droptargets
• A way to provide keyboard navigation for the Web objects and events,such as those mentioned above

Versions 1.0, 1.1, future

• WAI-ARIA 1.0 was published as a completed W3CRecommendation on 20 March 2014.

• WAI-ARIA 1.1 is expected to include only a fewchanges from 1.0. [Most potential changes will be considered forWAI-ARIA 2.0.] Iconfinder.

The latest status is updated in the FAQ: What is the current status ofWAI-ARIA development?

WAI-ARIA 1.1

The 1.1 version will extend WAI-ARIA 1.0 to provide a small number offeatures to complete the HTML + ARIA accessibility model. It is intendedcomplement HTML 5.1. For 1.1, user agent implementation guidance isprovided as a suite of accessibility API mapping specifications thatdescribe how to expose semantics of WAI-ARIA and other web contentlanguages to accessibility APIs.

Published WAI-ARIA 1.1 Working Drafts are as follows:

• WAI-ARIA 1.1 technical specification,provides features to define accessible user interface elements andin order to improve the accessibility and interoperability of webcontent and applications. It is primarily for developers of Webbrowsers, assistive technologies, and other user agents; developersof Web technologies (technical specifications); and developers ofaccessibility evaluation tools.
• Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA Module 1.0,extends WAI-ARIA 1.1 to define an ontology of roles, states, andproperties specific to digital publishing. It facilitates automatedprocessing and accessibility support by providing semantics that arenot included in base languages such as HTML. It allows authors toconvey structural information to assistive technologies, and toenable semantic navigation, styling, and interactive features usedby readers.
• Graphics WAI-ARIA Module 1.0, extendsWAI-ARIA 1.1 to allow an author to express the logical structure ofthe graphic to assistive technologies. Assistive technologies couldthen enable semantic navigation and adapt styling and interactivefeatures, to provide an optimal experience for the audience.
• Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1,describes how user agents should expose semantics of web contentlanguages to accessibility APIs. The core module defines supportthat applies across multiple content technologies, including generalkeyboard navigation support and mapping of general-purpose WAI-ARIAfeatures; other specifications will extend this for specifictechnologies.
• Accessible Name and Description: Computation and API Mappings1.1, describes how user agents determinenames and descriptions of accessible objects from web contentlanguages and expose them in accessibility APIs. This allowsassistive technologies to associate and relay the name ordescription of objects to users.
• Digital Publishing Accessibility API Mappings1.0, extends Core Accessibility API Mappings1.1 to define how user agents map roles in the Digital PublishingWAI-ARIA Module to platform accessibility application programminginterfaces (APIs).
• HTML Accessibility API Mappings 1.0,extends Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1 and Accessible Name andDescription: Computation and API Mappings 1.1 to define how useragents map HTML markup to platform accessibility applicationprogramming interfaces (APIs). Provides HTML-specific guidance forhow the HTML user agent must respond to keyboard focus, native HTMLfeatures, and role, state and property attributes provided viaWAI-ARIA.
• SVG Accessibility API Mappings 1.0, extendsCore Accessibility API Mappings 1.1 to define how user agents mapSVG markup to platform accessibility application programminginterfaces (APIs). When supported by user agents, its features allowSVG authors to create accessible rich internet applications,including charts, graphs, and other drawings. Provides SVG-specificguidance for how the SVG user agent must respond to keyboard focus,native SVG features, and role, state and property attributesprovided via WAI-ARIA.
• WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices 1.1,recommends approaches to help web application developers makewidgets, navigation, and behaviors accessible using WAI-ARIA roles,states, and properties. It describes considerations that might notbe evident to most authors from the WAI-ARIA specification which isoriented primarily at user agent implementers.

Additional documents are expected in this suite, including otheraccessibility API mappings and updated authoring guidance. Editors'drafts under development can be accessed in the WAI-ARIA GitHubRepository.

WAI-ARIA 1.0

In-progress 'Editors' Drafts' of the WAI-ARIA documents are availablefrom the Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) WorkingGroup.

Published WAI-ARIA Working Drafts are as follows:

• WAI-ARIA technical specification, a completedW3C Recommendation Web standard, combines the twopreviously-published WAI-ARIA draft specifications: Roles forAccessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA Roles) and theStates and Properties Module for Accessible Rich InternetApplications (WAI-ARIA States and Properties). It is primarily fordevelopers of Web browsers, assistive technologies, and other useragents; developers of Web technologies (technical specifications);and developers of accessibility evaluation tools.
• WAI-ARIA User Agent ImplementationGuide, a completed W3CRecommendation Web standard, describes how browsers and other useragents should support WAI-ARIA; specifically, how to expose WAI-ARIAfeatures to platform accessibility APIs.
• WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices,describes how Web content developers can develop accessible richinternet applications using WAI-ARIA. It provides detailed adviceand examples directed primarily to Web application developers, yetalso useful to user agent and assistive technology developers. Thisdocument has been retired and replaced by WAI-ARIA AuthoringPractices 1.1.
• WAI-ARIA Primer introduces developers tothe accessibility problems that WAI-ARIA is intended to solve, thefundamental concepts, and the technical approach of WAI-ARIA. Thisdocument has been retired and replaced by WAI-ARIA AuthoringPractices 1.1.
• WAI-ARIA Roadmap defines the path tomake rich Web content accessible, including steps already taken,remaining future steps, and a timeline. Much of the content fromprevious drafts of the Roadmap has been moved to the WAI-ARIAPrimer.

W3C Recommendations and Working Group Notes are briefly explained inHow WAI Develops Accessibility Guidelines through the W3CProcess, which also describes milestones in theW3C Process.

Technical document format

The WAI-ARIA documents follow the W3C format for technicalspecifications which includes several sections at the beginning: linksto different versions, editors, copyright, abstract, and status with thelink to errata and the email address for comments.

Who develops WAI-ARIA

The WAI-ARIA technical documents are developed by the Accessible RichInternet Applications Working Group (ARIA WG), which ispart of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web AccessibilityInitiative (WAI). For more information about the working group,see the ARIA WG public page.

How WAI Develops Accessibility Guidelines through the W3C Process:Milestones and Opportunities to Contributedescribes formal periods for public review. Opportunities for review andcomment of WAI documents are announced on the WAI home page andWAI Interest Group mailing list. An email address forsending comments is included in the 'Status of this Document' section.

Opportunities for contributing to WAI-ARIA and other WAI work areintroduced in Participating in WAI.

Help improve this page

Please share your ideas, suggestions, or comments via e-mail to the publicly-archived list wai@w3.org or via GitHub.

Join us in this short review of some of the most popular code editors available for web developers in 2019.

Using the right code editor is the perfect way to ensure an efficient and productive development workflow. Modern code editors can not only speed up the development process but also provide you with an extensive set of tools that reduce the number of steps you need to take in order to accomplish certain tasks.

In this article, we'll cover some of the best, modern and cross-platform code editors that you can use right now.

🏊Let's dive right in!

🔥 Here are the best 10 code editors for web developers in 2019. Which one is your favorite? #code #editors Click To Tweet

Table of Contents

1. Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio Code is a free, open-source and cross-platform code editor developed by Microsoft. Based on the 2018 Stack Overflow Developer Survey(under Popular Development Environments), Visual Studio Code is one of the most popular code editors, being used by more than 34.9% of the developers.

It features a comprehensive suite of editing and debugging tools, lightweight integration with other services and it's also very extensible.

The new Live Share function introduces powerful pair programming capabilities that enable you and your team to collaborate on the same codebase with ease and without the need to configure any development tools, environment settings and so on.

Additionally, VS Code features a solid Git Integration, powerful Intelisense, syntax highlighting for some of the most popular languages and many more awesome features.

If that's not enough, you can easily enhance and customize VS Code using an extensive collection of available plugins provided by Microsoft or created by the community.

2. Sublime Text 3

Sublime Text 3 is a both free and premium, cross-platform code editor, that's not only lightweight & blazing-fast but also extensible.

You can download it for free from the official website and use it as long as you want during your undefined evaluation period with the expectancy to purchase it for only $80.

By default, Sublime Text 3 provides basic autocompletion, syntax highlighting and code folding functionalities. However, using the Sublime Text Package Control you can extend it and add more features including debuggers, new themes, intellisense support and many more.

The latest version of Sublime (3.1) also features improved memory usage (in some cases up to 30%), text rendering with ligatures support, user interactions, syntax definition and new color schemes.

3. Atom

Atom is yet another free, cross-platform and open source code editor that was developed and released by GitHub.

By default, Atom provides syntax highlighting, code completion and code folding and has native support for dozens of different programming languages.

It also has native support for GitHub and comes packed with a built-in package manager that you can use to search, install or create your own packages to extend its default functionality.

Similarly to VS Code, it also features a powerful pair programming tool called Teletype that allows multiple developers to join an isolated session and work together.

Atom can also be extended using Atom-IDE which is a set of optional packages to extend and add more language integrations, context-aware language completion and more.

4. Vim

Vim is a powerful open-source terminal editor that's considered to be the 'One Editor to Rule Them All' and comes pre-installed on almost any UNIX-box. It's 100% keyboard-driven (but you can also use the mouse if you'd like) and it's not meant to look good, but to be functional.

While it's extremely powerful, Vim presents a very, very steep learning curve. However, once mastered, Vim shows extreme productivity improvements like handling tasks that took a while to getting them done in an instant with just a few keystrokes.

Right out of the box, Vim doesn't do much other than handle text pretty well. However, extending it with plugins, scripts and fine-tuning it to match your own preferences, Vim will prove to be a very powerful weapon in your coding arsenal.

Compared to other graphical editors like Visual Studio Code, Sublime or Atom, Vim uses just a fraction of the system's memory and loads in an instant while delivering the exact same features (if configured well).

5. Emacs

Emacs is another UNIX-based code editor written in Lisp that's battling Vim in terms of usability and extensibility.

By default, it features content-aware editing modes, including syntax highlighting for many file types, complete built-in documentation and an introductory tutorial for new users.

It's highly customizable and it has first-class support for Lisp and other functional languages and if you're familiar with Lisp, you can get your hands dirty and extend it yourself as it's completely free and open-source.

You can customize Emacs as you see fit and introduce functionality beyond code editing including project planning, using it as a mail client, news reader, calendar and more.

Similarly to Vim, Emacs presents a steep learning curve that can take a while until you get comfortable using its full power.

However, unlike Vim, Emacs does not come preinstalled on every Unix box and the memory usage is slightly higher than of other editor's available, especially if you've extended it with plugins.

6. SpaceMacs

SpaceMacs is a community-driven code editor based on Emacs that features syntax highlighting for major languages, testing and debugging tools.

It tries to bring the power of both Vim and Emacs by allowing users to choose their own preferred editing style.

SpaceMacs is built on top of four important principles: Mnemonics, Discoverability, Consistency and the ability to be 'Crowd-Configured'.

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This way, using SpaceMacs you can be sure that each key-binding is organized using consistent, mnemonic prefixes (p for project, etc) that can be intuitive and easily discovered.

SpaceMacs also has a very active and helpful community that you can join, contribute and get help from other members.

7. Notepad++

Notepad++ is an advanced code editor that was released in 2003 and is available only for the Windows platform.

It not only stood the test of time, but also became the 2nd most popular code editor in the StackOverflow Developer Survey for 2017 being used by more than 34% of web developers.

It's blazing-fast and supports various programming languages out of the box, but it's best known for being a brilliant HTML editor.

Some of its features include tabbed editing, supporting external plugins such as macros, smart syntax highlighting, compiler integration, autocomplete and indentation among many others.

8. Brackets

Brackets is an open source, cross-platform code editor developed and released by Adobe under the permissive MIT license.

It was designed from scratch to serve web designers and front-end developers that are working primarily with JavaScript, HTML, and CSS.

Brackets also comes with basic standard features, including auto-completion, syntax highlighting for many programming languages and support for quick editing and various pre-processors.

Another powerful native feature is the Live Preview option that allows developers to open current HTML documents inside Chrome and get a real-time preview of how the document is rendered in the browser.

It also includes an 'extract' feature that allows developers to pull colors, measurements, gradients, fonts and other important data from a PSD file into a ready-made CSS file.

Finally, Brackets is highly customizable being able to extend its core functionality with the use of extensions available in the official extensions registry.

9. TextMate

TextMate is considered to be 'the missing editor' for Mac OS by brigding UNIX underpinnings and a graphical user interface.

Even though it's open source, TextMate is still a commercial product released under the BSD license and has a decent price tag of $60.

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It comes by default with powerful native features including find and replace, column selection, foldable code blocks, code completion, basic syntax highlighting for dozens of programming languages and many others.

TextMate also stands strong in terms of community and the available documentation and both are great places to find official plugins, themes or even submitted by other users.

10. Coda 2

Coda 2 is a powerful code editor for Mac OS and iOS developed and released by Panic Inc, the same company that brought us Transmit, Prompt and more recently Firewatch, the game set in the Wyoming wilderness.

It's currently priced at $99, but you get to use it for free during a 7 days evaluation period.

Coda is a powerful code editor engineered for performance and efficiency. It showcases a modern and intuitive UI and comes packed right out of the box with utilities like code completion, syntax highlighting for various languages, MySQL support, local indexing and many more.

It also features a powerful built-in way to open and manage your local and remote files and an integrated terminal for quick access. In terms of documentation and support, Coda doesn't fall short and has a very active community.

If Coda's default functionality is not enough, you can also choose to install and extend it using an extensive collection of plugins developed by both Panic Inc. and the community.

Conclusion

Choosing the best code editor is definitely a subjective topic. However, I think it's best to give each of them a try for a few days and see which one works best for you.

Once you find the right one, make sure to stick to it, master all its ins and outs and in time it will definitely prove to be your best code editor that makes you most productive.

Over to You!

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What is your favorite code editor and why? Is there any other code editor that you think should make the list? Let me know in the comments below! 😄